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中国是国际网络表达自由的头号敌人
中国是国际网络表达自由的头号敌人
欧洲议会于七月六日通过一项决议将中国列为国际互联网表达自由的头号敌人；同时谴责Yahoo, Google and Microsoft助肘为虐。 “a number of countries can be seen as enemies of freedom of expression on-line as stated in the last Reporters Without Borders report, including China, Belarus, Burma, Cuba, Iran, Libya, Maldives, Nepal, North Korea, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Vietnam. ” “whereas Chinese government has successfully persuaded companies such as Yahoo, Google and Microsoft to facilitate the censorship of their services in the Chinese internet market;”
Texts adopted by Parliament
Thursday 6 July 2006 - Strasbourg Provisional edition
Freedom of expression on the Internet P6_TA-PROV(2006)0324 B6-0401, 0402,
0404, 0408, 0411 and 0414/2006
European Parliament resolution on freedom of expression on the Internet
The European Parliament ,
- having regard to its previous annual resolutions on the situation of
human rights in the world,
- having regard to its previous resolutions on human rights and freedom of
the press and on the evaluation of the World Summit on the Information
Society held in Tunisia in December 2005,
- having regard to Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights,
- having regard to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights,
- having regard to the EU Guidelines on Human Rights Dialogue (2001) and
on Human Rights Defenders (2004) and their first evaluation under Austrian
Presidency,
- having regard to the Declaration of Principles adopted by the World
Summit on the Information Society on 12 December 2003
- having regard to the Joint Declaration of 21 December 2005 by the UN
Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE
Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on
Freedom of Expression,
- having regards to the EU policy on human rights and democratisation in
third countries adopted by the Council in December 2005,
- having regard to the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights
(EIDHR),
- having regard to Rule 115 of its Rules of Procedure,
A. whereas Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states
that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive
and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontiers;
B. welcoming the statement of the World Summit in Tunis of 16-18 November
2005 on the primary importance of the information society for democracy and
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; in particular the freedom
of expression and opinion, as well as the freedom to receive and access
information;
C. whereas the fight for freedom of expression has today largely shifted
on-line as the Internet has become a mean of expression of choice for
political dissidents, democracy activists, human rights defenders and
independent journalists worldwide;
D. whereas access to the Internet can strengthen democracy and contribute
to a country's economic and social development and restricting such access
is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression;
E. whereas restrictions should only exist in cases of using the Internet
for illegal activities, such as incitement to hatred, violence and racism,
totalitarian propaganda and children's access to pornography or their sexual
exploitation;
F. whereas, according to Reporters Without Borders, authoritarian regimes
and governments have been working on ever more far-reaching methods of
controlling the Internet, chiefly using more and more sophisticated
filtering technology and surveillance of electronic communications and
setting-up cyber-police;
G. whereas, according to human rights organisations, a large number of
cyber-dissidents are detained in prison - most of them in China - including
Hao Wu, Chinese blogger and documentary filmmaker, Yang Zili, Chinese
cyber-dissident, Shi Tao, Chinese journalist at the daily Dangdai Shangbao,
Motjaba Saminejad, Iranian blogger, Mohammed Abbou, Tunisian lawyer, Pham
Hong Son, Vietnamese doctor and Habib Saleh, Syrian online journalist;
whereas the most recent cases concern the Egyptian bloggers Mohamed Sharkawy
and Karim Lel-shaer;
H. whereas a number of countries can be seen as enemies of freedom of
expression on-line as stated in the last Reporters Without Borders report,
including China, Belarus, Burma, Cuba, Iran, Libya, Maldives, Nepal, North
Korea, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Vietnam.
I. whereas companies based in democratic States partly provide these
countries the means to censor the web and to monitor electronic
communication;
J. whereas Chinese government has successfully persuaded companies such as
Yahoo, Google and Microsoft to facilitate the censorship of their services
in the Chinese internet market; also notes that other governments have
required the means for censorship from other companies;
K. whereas equipment and technologies supplied by Western companies such
as CISCO Systems, Telecom Italia, Wanadoo, a subsidiary of France Telecom
have been used by governments for the purpose of censoring the Internet
preventing freedom of expression;
L. whereas US legislators introduced a bill in February 2006, the Global
On-line Freedom Act, aimed at regulating the activities of Internet
businesses when they operate in repressive countries;
M. whereas the EU should demonstrate that the rights of Internet users are
at the heart of its concerns and that it is ready to act to promote free
speech on-line;
1. Reaffirms the fact that freedom of expression is a key value shared by
all EU countries and that they have to take concrete steps to defend it;
2. Calls, in this respect, on the Council and the EU Member States to agree
on a joint statement confirming their commitment in favour of the protection
of the rights of internet users and of the promotion of free expression on
the internet world-wide;
3. Reiterates its commitment to the principles which were confirmed at the
Tunis Summit, viz.:
- building the information society on the basis of human rights and
fundamental freedoms,
- combating the digital divide and seeking resources for action plans to
foster development,
- developing Internet governance arrangements which are more balanced,
pluralist and representative of the States involved, to meet the new
technological challenges (spamming, data protection, etc.);
4. Strongly condemns restrictions on Internet content, whether they apply
to the dissemination or to the receipt of information, that are imposed by
Governments and are not in strict conformity with the guarantee of freedom
of expression; strongly condemns the harassment and imprisonment of
journalists and others who are expressing their opinions on the Internet;
calls, in this respect, on the Council and the Commission to take all
necessary measures vis-à-vis the authorities of the concerned countries for
the immediate release of all detained Internet users;
5. Calls on the Commission and the Council to draw up a voluntary code of
conduct that would put limits on the activities of companies in repressive
countries;
6. Calls on the Commission and the Council to maintain the presence and
active participation of the EU and the presentation of common positions
especially with ECOSOC, ITU, UNESCO and UNDP;
7. Calls on the Council and the Commission when considering its assistance
programmes to third countries to take into account the need for unrestricted
Internet access by their citizens;
8. Welcomes the Joint Investor Statement on Freedom of Expression and the
Internet at the initiative of Reporters Without Borders; stresses that
corporations which provide Internet searching, chat, publishing or other
services should have a responsibility to ensure that the rights of users are
respected;
9. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the
Commission, and the governments and parliaments of the Member States
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